wǎn / qīng / shí / qī / gé / zhì / cháng / bèi / yòng / lái / zhǐ / xī / fāng / zì / rán / kē / xué晚清时期,格致常被用来指西方自然科学。During the late Qing period, 格致 was often used to refer to Western natural sciences.