jiù / yǔ / yán / xué / wén / xiàn / céng / bǎ / ā / lā / bó / yǔ / děng / yǔ / yán / guī / rù / Shǎn / Hán / yǔ / xì旧语言学文献曾把阿拉伯语等语言归入闪含语系。Older linguistic works once classified languages such as Arabic in the Hamito-Semitic family.