qīng / cháo / wén / xiàn / lǐ / cháng / yòng / nì / yí / zhǐ / dài / wài / guó / qīn / lüè / zhě

清朝文献里常用逆夷指代外国侵略者。

Qing dynasty texts often used the term nì yí to refer to foreign invaders.